Sarvesh Sharma asked:

From the heavy cordless phones of the 1980’s to the smart phones of today, cellular phone technology has undergone a incredible change. But have you ever wondered how you can call to your well wisher in the whole world with the usage of a mobile phone? You also have knowledge about the main features such as WAP and GPRS from the cell phone vendors and service providers. But you must aware of what they really mean?

There are numerous mobile technologies. So next time, when you are going to purchase a phone, you should know what technologies it has.

Generations of mobile communications

In the late 1970s, the first generation (1G) of mobile communications was introduced; it was primarily used for voice transfer. Second generation (2G) systems came into existence in the early 1990s and was further developed to 2.5G, which includes high technologies such as TDMA, GSM and CDMA. These technologies were used for voice and data.

The next generation of mobile communications is 3G which delivers data speeds from 384 kbps to 2 Mbps and over wireless interfaces such as GSM, TDMA and CDMA.

Mobile phone access technologies

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

The first-generation analog mobile access method; for each call, FDMA uses separate frequencies. For instance, if there are four stations, each will receive their own frequency. So there is no interference between them. It reduces interference, but limits the number of users.

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

TDMA allocates unique time slots to each user within each channel, thus allowing many users to access the radio frequency without anyone’s interference. Each mobile conversation uses only a particular frequency slot of the time.

Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Commercially introduced in 1995 by Qualcomm, CDMA quickly became one of the world’s fastest-growing wireless technologies. 3G CDMA networks provide more capacity for voice traffic with high-speed data capabilities, hence many cellular service providers are now building or upgrading to it.

CDMA is used in both 2G and 3G wireless technologies. Indian Cell operators such as Reliance IndiaMobile, TATA Indicom, BSNL and MTNL’s Garuda all use CDMA2000 technology and its variant CDMA1x.

Global system for mobile communications (GSM)

GSM is now the worldwide standard technology for mobile communications. It is developed on TDMA protocol in Europe. GSM provides a high level of security, globally accepted technology standards and superior sound quality.

For any GSM phone to work, it needs a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), a card which contains your telephone account information. So, an Indian GSM phone can be used in any part of the world.

Wireless technology platforms

1) GPRS

GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) is an enhancement to GSM technology that integrates GSM and IP technology. GPRS offers to access the Internet at the very high speed. So you can check your email on the move and surf the Web at very high speed. Currently BPL Mobile and Hutch (Orange in Mumbai) offer GPRS services in India.

2) WAP

In this high technology age, people on the move need any-time access to the Net. This is where WAP comes in. It facilitates us to Internet access from cell phones. It is an open standard for wireless protocols that is independent of the service providers. The cell phone must have a WAP browser to display Web content. Now-a-days, cell phones often come equipped with WAP browser and GPRS technology.

WAP and GPRS also enable the user to download games, send mail and even transfer your messages to your PC.

3) EDGE

The new EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment) interface has been developed specifically to meet the bandwidth needs of 3G. This technology is promoted by Ericsson, it also offers high-speed data transfers over GSM networks with just a software upgrade to the handset. EDGE technology allows speeds up to 384 kbps.

Caffeinated Content for WordPress

Kristina Keffer asked:

We are all well aware that manufacturing and construction are never ending processes. As long as the world exists, there will be construction of some kind and manufacturing of some kind of products. In turn, as long as these two processes exist, there will be welding and fabrication. With more and more buildings erected each day and countless numbers of products manufactured, the demand for the welding & fabrication technology professionals is very high. At the moment, there is actually a shortage of skilled welding labors. Many huge firms are looking for talented welding and fabrication technology professionals today. These firms consider welding as an art and hence they are ready to pay good salaries for skilled Welding & Fabrication Technology professionals.

The quality of welding and fabrication work entirely depends on the skills of the professional. Though there is a huge demand for Welding & Fabrication Technology professionals, the big firms are looking for highly skilled labors. Welding & Fabrication Technology is a career that needs top-notch training to develop the skills you will need. The main advantage of getting trained in Welding & Fabrication Technology is that your career scopes are not confined to any specific industry. Welding & Fabrication Technology are required in the processes like bridge building, laying cross country pipelines, underwater welding and fabricating equipment in exotic materials such as titanium. For this reason, the career option in Welding & Fabrication Technology is unlimited.

Where do you get trained to develop unmatched skills in Welding & Fabrication Technology? With the huge increase in demand for Welding & Fabrication Technology professionals, many Associate Degree programs have spawned today. Today, it will be confusing to find the best Associate Degree program to learn the sophisticated technology of Welding & Fabrication Technology. However, there is something really special with the Welding & Fabrication Technology associate degree programs in the Pennsylvania Trade Schools. One of the main advantages of getting trained in the Pennsylvania Trade School is that the skills and degrees earned in Welding & Fabrication Technology through the Pennsylvania Trade School are valid in any Country. Therefore your career options will not be restricted within a state. You can seek career opportunities on Welding & Fabrication Technology in any state if you are trained in a Pennsylvania Trade School.

Getting trained in the best associate degrees programs for Welding & Fabrication Technology will make you prepared to develop new skills to meet different challenges. This will help you to boost your career growth.

Website content

BeginCollegeNow asked:

by: David R. Wetzel

Computer technology schools offer a range of degrees and programs. Schools that teach computer technology include technical schools, colleges and universities. Degrees in computer technology are offered at three levels for beginning students; bachelor’s degree, associate’s degree and specialized computer certifications.

Technical schools offer computer technology degree programs year round, while colleges and universities offer summer courses for earning a degree quicker or part-time programs for busy students.

Typical programs offered by computer technology schools such as ITT Technical Institute include information security systems, data communication systems management, computer science, software engineering, web development, networking and software applications. Degrees from other schools of computer technology include computer gaming design, interactive media develop, web development, and systems administrator.

Computer technology schools offer courses focused on the architectures of operating systems, network systems, user interface construction, C + + language, data bases types and formats, programming standards, etc. These courses are designed for those who wish to earn degrees in computer software and computer information systems. Courses focused on web design and development includes Internet hierarchy, authoring tools, scripting designs and more.

Bachelor’s degree computer technology upper-division courses focus on data storage advanced warehousing techniques, management of technology projects, multiple computer programming languages, graphical interface design, software development methods and more. The advantage of a bachelor’s degree in computer technology is a wider selection of employment opportunities.

Computer degrees lead to earning certifications in computer technology. Many courses in computer programs prepare students to pass tests for computer technology certifications. According to About.com’s article Computer Certification’s Top 10 Certifications for 2009, the top two certifications are Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert and Certified Information Systems Auditor. Their pass rates are low; however, average annual salaries are high.

Someone considering a computer technology education needs to first determine the type of degree they want to pursue. This decision helps narrow the search for a computer technology school. Computer technology bachelor’s degree can be completed in four years, associate’s degree programs can be completed in two years and certification programs range from few months to a year.

Caffeinated Content for WordPress

Danny Wirken asked:

The value of freedom in a country is priceless. If one country has freedom of speech and thought then they are sure to have a bright future ahead of them. How so? If a society has freedom of thought then they are free to explore their interests or whatever else that may pique their curiosity, which could eventually lead them to great knowledge and amazing discoveries.

Take the United States for example. America has surpasses all the other countries of the world not only economically but technologically as well. Although it is true that most technological inventions and other scientific discoveries did not really originated from the Americans themselves but rather are attributed to citizens of other countries. However, it is undeniable that these technological inventions are enhanced and further developed in America. Thanks to America’s innovative patent system these technological inventions are put to better use.

Just what is a patent you asked? The term “patent” is generally defined as a set of exclusive rights granted by the government to a person for a certain period of time (usually for 20 years) in return for the regulated, public disclosure of some information about their invention. It was Thomas Jefferson who initiated the first national patent system in the United States of America during the year 1790. From then on, this exclusive right has been protecting the inventor’s interest by preventing other people from copying, using or selling the already claimed invention.

So how exactly are these patents significant in technological advancement? According to the World Intellectual Property Organization or WIPO about 90% to 95% of all the world’s inventions can be found in patented documents. However, these technological inventions comprise only a small percentage of all the patents that are applied for and granted. Therefore it is safe to assume that the latest patent applications are the kernel of technological advancement.

Take a look closer at the Internet. This technology has undergone numerous changes from the time that the concept of the World Wide Web was first introduced a few decades back. In an attempt to put Internet into better use, various inventors who aim to further develop and enhance the existing models filed numerous patent applications that are related to this technology.

One of the latest patent applications is called system and method for scoping searches using index keys. The invention involves a set of index keys, which is to be included in an index search system that are related with the scope of the search instead of the content of the documents, which are the target of the search. These so-called “scope keys” enables the scope of the search to be customized, thus reducing the number of documents that a search supposed to sort through in order to acquire the results.

Another latest patent application that is related to technological advancement in the Internet is the “system and method for performing a search and a browse on a query”. Now, in this invention a search and a browse on a single user query is executed. Then a refined query is chosen from the results of the first user query. After that, a list of concepts from a first directory that are related with the refined query is acquired.

Here, the “concepts” are categorized in a hierarchical relationship. Concepts with broader scope are obtains a higher position. Meanwhile, the concepts with narrower scope get a lower position in the hierarchy. In addition, a list of web sites that related with the search concept is also acquired from a second directory.

The forming intent-based clusters and employing same by search, is also a patent application that is related in further enhancing the Internet. This patent application is associated to a system and method that will be use for identifying and forming intent-based clusters based on search requests that were sent by the users to the search engines, as well as to the search engine utilizing the formed intent-based clusters to answer the search requests made by the users. To be more precise, the invention is associated to recognizing and utilizing intent-based clusters so that a search made by a user with similar intent may receive a respond more quickly and efficiently. Most importantly, with search results that more directed to the search of the user.

All three patent applications are dedicated in making the Internet searching process less complicated and not to mention, much more efficient in terms of coming up with results.

Today, patents are considered as the leading source of technological information that is vital in technological advancement. Thanks to the innovative Information Technology industry, particularly to the Internet, the general public can now easily access these constructive documents. Just about anyone who is familiar with the Internet can browse through different patent databases available and obtain the specific patent document that they needed.

There are various patent databases that are accessible by the public, USPTO, EPO, JPO, to name just a few. For instance, if you are looking for patents that are related to a certain technological area you will find countless information regarding the entire process of technological innovation, such as the evolutionary path of a specific technology, it’s technological development, technological diversification, technology merges, as well as the major players in specific technological area, and the key points of the specific technology.

The secret behind each major technological advancement and inventions are thousands of patents that were applied, filed and then put it into practical use. Fortunately for us the public are well aware of the significance of patent application in developing tomorrow’s technology. The number of patent applications is growing at an enormously fast rate. Inventors not only from America but from other countries as well, are diligently working on their inventions as well as on patenting their ideas — a clear indication that our nation’s future is indeed in good hands. For as long as the American government continues to nurture innovation, then they will remain as global leaders both in economy as well as technology.

Caffeinated Content for WordPress

Jacob Brown asked:

Video conferencing is a technology that helps many a Multinational Company to thrive in spite of operating from different functional bases at different poles of the world. For these companies, the technology of video conferencing ensures better reach across globe and benefit from multi-point client interactions possible. Add to it the advent of Internet. In addition video conferencing, another cost-efficient and effective means of updating men around the globe about a new development is one that comes by the shape of technology videos. Forget about how a distant and inconvenient place a company is operating from, technology videos and technology news and video conferencing means that right information is passed on the stakeholders at the right time.

Video Conferencing nowadays are also been used as a strong means of partnering when used in cooperation with right hardware and information sharing platform. All the employees of a multinational company taking part in video interaction have the dual benefit of seeing their counterparts as well as the technology news all at one place. And yes they can participate in real time communication as well.

All types of official information relating to various fields of induction, training, research, which otherwise would have been too much dependent on paper, can be presented using these upgraded medium of technology videos.

Technology videos – be it via video conferencing or Internet, can be helpful in a variety of domains. Educational training, business meetings, instructional training and collaborative communication with health officials are some of the areas where benefits of technology videos can be felt.

Video conferencing helps people staying in remote locations to communicate with outer world without much traveling or expenses. People today are getting to access and use technology videos more easily. Evidently, because web and its far-flung reach, information about latest in technology is getting disseminated at a faster pace, the same is also welcoming people to collaborate more freely and willingly. Students can take advantage of video conferencing and technology news to attend classes at distant locations that in normal conditions would have been impossible Students can also attend distant classes via video conferencing and continue an alternate career alongside.

Video conferencing, technology video and technology news can stimulate enhanced knowledge sharing, brainstorming and information gathering. Businesses can use video conferencing to provide official presentations to the clients and members of an organization or to solicit new clients in a professional manner, regardless of their location.

technology